Red Mummies and Raman
As it was natural at the time, the mummy's head covered with a painted portrait. It depicts a young man, as confirmed feet to meters by X-ray examinations of the mummy [1]. The human body is wrapped in a big red dress. A piece of approx. 2 1 cm, and cut out of the lower part of the red dress, seen in the upper part of Figure 2 The red dye is unevenly distributed on the cloth. Through a microscope, it is seen that there are areas with "blobs" of the red pigment (Figure 2 below). Taverne in the material, the cloth is made, it is clearly seen in the microscope recording of the non-colored rear panel (Figure 2 below).
Mummy The cloth material that the cloth is made of, were analyzed by examining unstained the cloth backing. Figure feet to meters 3 shows the Raman spectra of the cloth backing and Raman spectrum of a piece of modern linen. Hear consists mainly of cellulose and hemicellulose, which is identified by the characteristic bands from the COC group around 1100 cm-1. Although in both spectra is a powerful broad background, suggesting feet to meters the comparison of the mummy cloth is made from flax. It is not surprising, since flax was known and used in Egypt at the time.
Pigment and binder Rama Microscopy of mumieklædets front shown in Figure 4 The red curve is recorded somewhere on the front, where there is a clear "blob" of the red pigment, and the blue is busy a place where there is very little red pigment.
In the area 700-50 cm-1 is not the same band of the spectrum of the outside red pigment feet to meters and the spectrum of the area of intense red color. In turn, there is seen in both spectra identical band in the range of from approx. 3500-1000 cm-1. All strains the bands in each of the areas identified by colored rectangles in Figure 4, from two different chemical compounds.
The bands in the range 3500-1000 cm-1 does not come from hørmaterialet, but clearly enough from another organic molecule. Figure 5 shows a comparison of the Raman spectrum of beeswax that one of the two chemical compounds on the front mumieklædets is beeswax. Beeswax has a complicated composition but the main component is composed of esters with long aliphatic chains, such as CH3 (CH2) 14COO (CH2) 29CH3 [4,5]. Beeswax is known as a binding agent in the mummy portraits from the Fayum region [4]. It has evidently been inspired to use as a binder for the red color of mummy cloth.
Figure 6 compares the Raman spectrum of red lead, Pb3O4 with the spectrum of the dye. Apart from one very weak band at 196 cm-1, marked with an arrow, there is complete agreement between the two spectra. It is red lead, which gives the fabric its red color. This result is surprising, since reds usually due to iron-containing compounds in Egypt [4].
Very recently, Walton and Trent Elman from the Getty Museum in Los Angeles examined mummy clothes from seven mummies (including a sample from the mummy cloth, we have studied). [6] Also they conclude that the red color is due to red lead. They show that the weak band of Figure 6 is derived from a contamination by Pb2SnO4. This and a determination of the isotopic content of lead in the pigment suggest that the red pigment was a by-product silver production in the Rio Tinto mine in Spain, where mining began 3000 years BC All mummies are from the period of Roman influence in Egypt (1st and 2nd century AD). It is reasonable to assume that the Romans brought the pigment to Egypt. Amazingly enough, the chemical constituents of a mummy dress talk about logistics almost 2000 years back in time!
Thanks for Laboratory Happiness Ryelund, feet to meters Department of Chemistry help in the inclusion of Ramanspektrene and Senior Scientist Karen Trent Elman, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angels, USA for fruitful conversations on red mummy clothes.
Ny Carlsberg feet to meters Glyptotek Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek was founded by brewer Carl Jacobsen (1842-1914). It is named after his brewery, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, adding that means a collection feet to meters of sculptures. feet to meters Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek houses the largest collection in Northern Europe of ancient wonders of Egypt, feet to meters a large number of these due to the English Egyptologist WMF Petrie, who from 1884 to 1926 conducted extensive excavations in Egypt and distributed its many findings of its sponsors, including feet to meters Carl Jacobsen.
Rama Microscopy By Raman spectroscopy transmitted laser light onto the material to be examined. feet to meters The scattered (reflected) light depends on the molecular vibrations in the material. The information in the Raman spectrum is quite analogous to that obtained from an IR spectrum. By recording a Raman spectrum there is no preparation of the sample, therefore, this type of spectroscopy is now growing rapidly in the museum world by many different studies feet to meters of works of art and archaeological objects [2,3]. Rama instrument can by means of optical fibers coupled feet to meters to a microscope so that the spectrum can be absorbed through the microscope, Rama microscopy [3].
Reference 1 Jorgensen M, Egypt III mummy coffins, m
As it was natural at the time, the mummy's head covered with a painted portrait. It depicts a young man, as confirmed feet to meters by X-ray examinations of the mummy [1]. The human body is wrapped in a big red dress. A piece of approx. 2 1 cm, and cut out of the lower part of the red dress, seen in the upper part of Figure 2 The red dye is unevenly distributed on the cloth. Through a microscope, it is seen that there are areas with "blobs" of the red pigment (Figure 2 below). Taverne in the material, the cloth is made, it is clearly seen in the microscope recording of the non-colored rear panel (Figure 2 below).
Mummy The cloth material that the cloth is made of, were analyzed by examining unstained the cloth backing. Figure feet to meters 3 shows the Raman spectra of the cloth backing and Raman spectrum of a piece of modern linen. Hear consists mainly of cellulose and hemicellulose, which is identified by the characteristic bands from the COC group around 1100 cm-1. Although in both spectra is a powerful broad background, suggesting feet to meters the comparison of the mummy cloth is made from flax. It is not surprising, since flax was known and used in Egypt at the time.
Pigment and binder Rama Microscopy of mumieklædets front shown in Figure 4 The red curve is recorded somewhere on the front, where there is a clear "blob" of the red pigment, and the blue is busy a place where there is very little red pigment.
In the area 700-50 cm-1 is not the same band of the spectrum of the outside red pigment feet to meters and the spectrum of the area of intense red color. In turn, there is seen in both spectra identical band in the range of from approx. 3500-1000 cm-1. All strains the bands in each of the areas identified by colored rectangles in Figure 4, from two different chemical compounds.
The bands in the range 3500-1000 cm-1 does not come from hørmaterialet, but clearly enough from another organic molecule. Figure 5 shows a comparison of the Raman spectrum of beeswax that one of the two chemical compounds on the front mumieklædets is beeswax. Beeswax has a complicated composition but the main component is composed of esters with long aliphatic chains, such as CH3 (CH2) 14COO (CH2) 29CH3 [4,5]. Beeswax is known as a binding agent in the mummy portraits from the Fayum region [4]. It has evidently been inspired to use as a binder for the red color of mummy cloth.
Figure 6 compares the Raman spectrum of red lead, Pb3O4 with the spectrum of the dye. Apart from one very weak band at 196 cm-1, marked with an arrow, there is complete agreement between the two spectra. It is red lead, which gives the fabric its red color. This result is surprising, since reds usually due to iron-containing compounds in Egypt [4].
Very recently, Walton and Trent Elman from the Getty Museum in Los Angeles examined mummy clothes from seven mummies (including a sample from the mummy cloth, we have studied). [6] Also they conclude that the red color is due to red lead. They show that the weak band of Figure 6 is derived from a contamination by Pb2SnO4. This and a determination of the isotopic content of lead in the pigment suggest that the red pigment was a by-product silver production in the Rio Tinto mine in Spain, where mining began 3000 years BC All mummies are from the period of Roman influence in Egypt (1st and 2nd century AD). It is reasonable to assume that the Romans brought the pigment to Egypt. Amazingly enough, the chemical constituents of a mummy dress talk about logistics almost 2000 years back in time!
Thanks for Laboratory Happiness Ryelund, feet to meters Department of Chemistry help in the inclusion of Ramanspektrene and Senior Scientist Karen Trent Elman, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angels, USA for fruitful conversations on red mummy clothes.
Ny Carlsberg feet to meters Glyptotek Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek was founded by brewer Carl Jacobsen (1842-1914). It is named after his brewery, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, adding that means a collection feet to meters of sculptures. feet to meters Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek houses the largest collection in Northern Europe of ancient wonders of Egypt, feet to meters a large number of these due to the English Egyptologist WMF Petrie, who from 1884 to 1926 conducted extensive excavations in Egypt and distributed its many findings of its sponsors, including feet to meters Carl Jacobsen.
Rama Microscopy By Raman spectroscopy transmitted laser light onto the material to be examined. feet to meters The scattered (reflected) light depends on the molecular vibrations in the material. The information in the Raman spectrum is quite analogous to that obtained from an IR spectrum. By recording a Raman spectrum there is no preparation of the sample, therefore, this type of spectroscopy is now growing rapidly in the museum world by many different studies feet to meters of works of art and archaeological objects [2,3]. Rama instrument can by means of optical fibers coupled feet to meters to a microscope so that the spectrum can be absorbed through the microscope, Rama microscopy [3].
Reference 1 Jorgensen M, Egypt III mummy coffins, m
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