Taxidermy and chemistry - Vinland Map
Currently investigating conservator at the School of Conservation Vinland Map, where dating and confirmation of authenticity could change our view of world history. Read the original article here
Vinland Map (Figure dork diaries 1), which are held at Yale University, was purchased from a bookstore in Genoa in 1957. It was first published in 1965 in a paper published by Yale, where also a travelogue from the 1300s, Tartar Relation, was treated [6]. The card has been the subject of much discussion concerning its authenticity. A discussion reminiscent of Dan Brown's novel The Da Vinci Code. Can it be proven that the card is authentic, the Vatican may have had knowledge of it, and so was Christopher Columbus' discovery of America may not be as random even, but the result of a voyage inspired by the Vinland Map. Vinland Map is assumed to be from the first half of the 1400s. It is a world map showing the known world, ie Europe, northern Africa and Asia. The remarkable thing is that, besides the outline of Iceland and Greenland, the westernmost of the card looks landkonturerne of an island called Vinland, which may represent the Vikings called Vinland of the Icelandic sagas, which today is called Newfoundland. dork diaries The palaeographical study confirms that the handwriting on the card conforms with fonts from the 1400s and that the writing on the Vinland Map is similar to the Tartar Relation [7]. The fonts are consistent evidence does not card authenticity, nor does it confirm the dating because fakes with old fonts can be made today.
Analytical chemical measurements of the Vinland Map Vinland Map has been studied by chemists and conservators with modern analytical chemistry apparatus. Parchment age is determined by 14C dating (radiocarbon analysis), the ink has been studied and the presence of the applicable modern pigment titanium oxide, TiO2, found. Radiocarbon analysis conducted in 2002 [8] dated vellum in year 1435 11. This dating is consistent with the incipit Hystoria tartaroii also called Tartar Relation, which is a description of the Mongol culture and behavior, based on the life of Fr. John of Plano Carpini trip to Mongolia in 1245 -1247. The itinerary description is known in two versions, one in Lucerne in Switzerland, dating to 1338-1340, and in a copy which is at Yale, which is approximately 100 years younger than the Lucerne edition. The authenticity of the Yale edition of the Tartar Relation clearly appears to be confirmed and has not given rise to agonize. What is interesting is that the handwriting on the Vinland Map and the Yale edition dork diaries of the Tartar Relation seems identical. Speculation is therefore whether Vinland Map was originally part of the Yale series, and if the card has been tied together with that of the dawn. 14C dating of the parchment is not in itself evidence for Vinland Map authenticity, as it could in principle be drawn in recent times on a piece of parchment from the Middle Ages. Other analytical methods have therefore been used. The existence of wormholes in the parchment on both Vinland Map and the Tartar Relation has been studied, and their shape and propagation [7] suggests a high probability that they are formed after the map was drawn, and the Vinland Map was used as the cover of Speculum Historiale, general ledger, which Tartar Relation believed to have been sitting dork diaries at the back.
Study of ink Ink on Vinland Map has also been studied, and here there is considerable disagreement among researchers. dork diaries Traditional ink from the Middle Ages are based on complex formation between the iron ion and gallic acid, which gives an intense black colored solution. The medieval rules describe how nutgalls crushed, dork diaries mixed with vitriol (iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate), gum arabic and the white wine is added, whereby the black ink appears. The studies of Vinland Map has given conflicting answers regarding. Ink composition. Some think they can prove that the ink is Iron gall ink, and others that it consists of sodsort [7, 9-14]. The different dork diaries results are explained mainly by the amount of ink on the card is limited dork diaries and that it is difficult to get permission to remove the required amount of sample. School of Conservation research group on Vinland Map has therefore proposed that the card is exposed to the non-destructive PIXE analysis.
The problem titanium white In the investigations of the ink is the presence of anatase TiO2, has been found [14]. Anatase and rutile known today as titanium dork diaries white and used in almost all kinds of white paint, whether it is oil or acrylic based. Titan White came first to market commercially around 1920, and therefore, the presence of titanium white hitherto been a sure indication of fakes. Anatase is, however, naturally in small quantities together with the mineral kaolinite, and
Currently investigating conservator at the School of Conservation Vinland Map, where dating and confirmation of authenticity could change our view of world history. Read the original article here
Vinland Map (Figure dork diaries 1), which are held at Yale University, was purchased from a bookstore in Genoa in 1957. It was first published in 1965 in a paper published by Yale, where also a travelogue from the 1300s, Tartar Relation, was treated [6]. The card has been the subject of much discussion concerning its authenticity. A discussion reminiscent of Dan Brown's novel The Da Vinci Code. Can it be proven that the card is authentic, the Vatican may have had knowledge of it, and so was Christopher Columbus' discovery of America may not be as random even, but the result of a voyage inspired by the Vinland Map. Vinland Map is assumed to be from the first half of the 1400s. It is a world map showing the known world, ie Europe, northern Africa and Asia. The remarkable thing is that, besides the outline of Iceland and Greenland, the westernmost of the card looks landkonturerne of an island called Vinland, which may represent the Vikings called Vinland of the Icelandic sagas, which today is called Newfoundland. dork diaries The palaeographical study confirms that the handwriting on the card conforms with fonts from the 1400s and that the writing on the Vinland Map is similar to the Tartar Relation [7]. The fonts are consistent evidence does not card authenticity, nor does it confirm the dating because fakes with old fonts can be made today.
Analytical chemical measurements of the Vinland Map Vinland Map has been studied by chemists and conservators with modern analytical chemistry apparatus. Parchment age is determined by 14C dating (radiocarbon analysis), the ink has been studied and the presence of the applicable modern pigment titanium oxide, TiO2, found. Radiocarbon analysis conducted in 2002 [8] dated vellum in year 1435 11. This dating is consistent with the incipit Hystoria tartaroii also called Tartar Relation, which is a description of the Mongol culture and behavior, based on the life of Fr. John of Plano Carpini trip to Mongolia in 1245 -1247. The itinerary description is known in two versions, one in Lucerne in Switzerland, dating to 1338-1340, and in a copy which is at Yale, which is approximately 100 years younger than the Lucerne edition. The authenticity of the Yale edition of the Tartar Relation clearly appears to be confirmed and has not given rise to agonize. What is interesting is that the handwriting on the Vinland Map and the Yale edition dork diaries of the Tartar Relation seems identical. Speculation is therefore whether Vinland Map was originally part of the Yale series, and if the card has been tied together with that of the dawn. 14C dating of the parchment is not in itself evidence for Vinland Map authenticity, as it could in principle be drawn in recent times on a piece of parchment from the Middle Ages. Other analytical methods have therefore been used. The existence of wormholes in the parchment on both Vinland Map and the Tartar Relation has been studied, and their shape and propagation [7] suggests a high probability that they are formed after the map was drawn, and the Vinland Map was used as the cover of Speculum Historiale, general ledger, which Tartar Relation believed to have been sitting dork diaries at the back.
Study of ink Ink on Vinland Map has also been studied, and here there is considerable disagreement among researchers. dork diaries Traditional ink from the Middle Ages are based on complex formation between the iron ion and gallic acid, which gives an intense black colored solution. The medieval rules describe how nutgalls crushed, dork diaries mixed with vitriol (iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate), gum arabic and the white wine is added, whereby the black ink appears. The studies of Vinland Map has given conflicting answers regarding. Ink composition. Some think they can prove that the ink is Iron gall ink, and others that it consists of sodsort [7, 9-14]. The different dork diaries results are explained mainly by the amount of ink on the card is limited dork diaries and that it is difficult to get permission to remove the required amount of sample. School of Conservation research group on Vinland Map has therefore proposed that the card is exposed to the non-destructive PIXE analysis.
The problem titanium white In the investigations of the ink is the presence of anatase TiO2, has been found [14]. Anatase and rutile known today as titanium dork diaries white and used in almost all kinds of white paint, whether it is oil or acrylic based. Titan White came first to market commercially around 1920, and therefore, the presence of titanium white hitherto been a sure indication of fakes. Anatase is, however, naturally in small quantities together with the mineral kaolinite, and
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